The polyfactorial long-term field experiment was conducted in 1983 on a calcareous chernozem soil in Hungary (Debrecen-Látókép experimental farm) to determine the long-term effect of different doses of chemical fertilizers and irrigation on the yield, nutrient uptake of maise (in monoculture production) and on soil parameters. Our aim was to analyse and compare the changes of soil chemical and microbiological caracteristics for 33 years NPK fertilizer application either in irrigated and or in non irrigated version. Soil pH, humus, nutrient content and some soil microbiological parameters were analyzed. The microbiological parameters sightly, the chemical parameters of soil significantly influenced by long term application of NPK fertilizers. In fertilized plots: the pH decreased, humus content increased. The availability of supplied nutrients, NPK improved, while non-supplied macronutrients, calcium and magnesium significantly decreased in fertilized plots compared to control. The significantly decrease in calcium content call attention, that the same effect in acidic sandy soil might be particularly harmful. In fertilized plots the number of bacteria tended to decrease, while the number of microscopic fungi and saccharase enzime activity significantly enhanced. The irrigation did not cause significant changes of measured microbiological parameters.

Soil pollution from crude oil and other oil residues is one of the most common forms of pollution in oil extraction field. The study on the evolution time of polluted soil with oil and oil residues was carried out over a period of 15 years (1997 - 2013) in oil extraction field from Suplacu de Barcau, Bihor county, Romania. The taxonomic unit of the soil on which the study was conducted was the type of luvosol, the albic subtype (albeluvisoil). The area was outside the underground combustion fronts, it was homogeneous from the point of view of the relief, vegetation and groundwater, which is not under the influence of the groundwater layer and does not benefit from additional supply of rainwater from the surrounding areas. After establishing the set of physico-chemical analyzes, in 1997 two soil profiles were opened in polluted soil (PS) and in unpolluted soil, the latter constituting a control variant (CS) in interpreting the results. The evolutionary changes of the physical indicators: structure and bulk density and chemical properties respectively: soil reaction, organic carbon, humus, total nitrogen and C / N ratio were followed. During the study, there was a steady decrease in organic carbon from 8.78 % in 1997 to 2.8 % in 2013, the most significant being in the period 1997-2002. Continuous decreases in organic carbon content were due to soil microbiological activity, which has become increasingly active, the toxic effect of the pollutant has decreased intensity. New organic compounds have been formed with different properties, which, through total mineralization, formed simple mineral compounds accessible to plant development, allowing the vegetation to be installed. Thus, it has been shown that during the period 1997-2013 the natural attenuation of oil residues and crude oil from the soil occurred.

Ghana’s Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) are established to reduce biodiversity degradation through the promotion of communal responsibility to conserve resources for sustainable benefits. This study was conducted to assess vegetation dynamics in three CREMAs in the northern savanna zone of Ghana through the application of remote sensing techniques and field observation. The findings showed the vegetation cover of all the three study areas improved over the period between 1990 and 2010. There were indications of successions from lower tier vegetation classes to higher ones. The riparian vegetation of the study sites changed from open savanna woodland to closed savanna woodland mainly through the grazing activities of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) and management practices that restrict farming, livestock grazing, charcoal production and suppress wildfires. The suppression of wildfires has resulted in considerable amount of fuel load which must be managed to prevent severe-intensive-fires in the future. Notwithstanding the general improvement in vegetation cover, there were also considerable increased coverage of bare surface/built up areas indicating economic activities also moved up over the period.

The paper presents the analysis of the temporal variability and the linear trend of the annual and monthly maximum air temperature, of the variability of the decennial maximum air temperature, of the annual and monthly number of summer days and tropical days, as well as the linear trend of the annual number of these days. For this purpose, the meteorological data on the daily, monthly and annual maximum air temperature were used, from the Arad weather station, on the period 19612018. The result was that the absolute maximum air temperature was 40.8? in Arad and was recorded on 5th August, 2017. The linear trend of the annual maximum temperature was upward. We notice the increase of the values of annual maximum temperature starting with the year 1988, the increase being even more pronounced since 2000. The decennial maximum temperature increased from the 2nd decade to the 6th decade by 4?. The linear trends of the monthly maximum air temperature, for all 12 months of the year, were upward. The most pronounced increase in the monthly maximum temperatures occurred, in the last years, in the summer months, in May and in the winter months. The annual number of summer and tropical days has increased greatly since 1992. During the period 1992-2018, the summer season extended by 15 days, on average. In the last 10 years, the summer season extended by 21 days, on average. The linear trends of the annual number of summer and tropical days are upward, the increase of the number of tropical days being more pronounced than that of the summer days.

During our experiments in 2017/2018 crop year at Látókép Experimental Farm of University of Debrecen, we examined the effect of different cultivars and increased dosages of artificial fertilizer (control, N90PK, N150PK) on quality of wheat gluten. The gluten quality parameters of winter wheat were significantly influenced by fertilizing and cultivar. N90PK dosage improved significantly the measured parameters, further fertilizer application had no statistically provable effect. Application of artificial fertilizers increased significantly the gluten spread of the samples, compared to the control ones. KG Kunhalom had significantly higher crude protein (CP), wet gluten (WGC), dry gluten, gluten ratio and Zeleny index (ZI) parameters, this means that KG Kunhalom had the best protein and gluten quality potential. Also only KG Kunhalom with N150PK fertilizing treatment complied with the Hungarian premium class. According to Hungarian standard, samples with control treatment and Hybiza with any fertilizing treatment were unfit to bakery use. Using Pearson’s correlation analysis results, CP and ZI were in tight positive; WGC was in medium positive, while gluten index was in loose negative correlation with fertilizing. In the case of growing wheat for baking use, there is a need to put great emphasis on selecting the right cultivar and agrotechnology practices.

Landslides mainly affect agricultural lands in Romania’s hill areas or in proximity of water sources. They are caused by a complex number of factors (of geological, geomorphologic and climatic origin) as well as by the land’s use. A significant part of Romanian’s land fund is in an improper state ecologically-wise and productivity-wise, as a result of landslide processes. This imposes a series of actions, for both the agricultural and forestry sectors, in order to mitigate landslides. The present paper emphasises the results of the investigations performed before 2000 and during 2015-2017, regarding the characteristics of landslides, their management/consolidation works, the forest culture species and types used on landslides, as well as their behaviour and efficiency. Experimental forest cultures established on landslides are 35 and 65 years old, so they can offer valuable scientific information regarding the types of cultures and silvotechnical works necessary for underlying ecological reconstruction solutions. The characteristics of landslides require the installation of forest vegetation only after the proper management of lands. The most important works are capturing and steering waters from outside the affected area, draining micro depressions with water excess, modelling the land as well as consolidation works for detachment ravines and versant basis. The forest vegetation installed on landslides ensures the land’s stabilization as a result of regulation of the hydric regime and mechanical consolidation by roots.

Rapid weather fluctuations with an increasing demand for resource use impacts crop production sustainability leading to severe use of land and water resources. Laboratory analysis and technological improvements, such as remote sensing, generate new information and knowledge, to ease the visibility of effects by agricultural practices, bringing new opportunities to better use resources and improve farming sustainability and water management practices. Irrigation use and assessment are important to assure the sustainability; planning and modelling based on soil-plant economy relationship by the use of technological innovation, as Lidar imagery, enhancing the precision to large scale knowledge gained a plot-farm level. Agronomics, agriculture engineers, management technologies aim to reduce non-productive water use in agriculture. Finding the correlation between soil water retention and physical parameters contributes to irrigation management plant, therefore, reducing water use, cutting costs for agri-food production and reducing environmental impact. Soil sampling is performed in two depth and analysis of soil physical and water retention parameters with the correlation of LiDAR survey proving in-depth on-field information. Silt-loamy texture makes a good texture, water retention capacity. A decrease of silt content in the upper layer (6.4 %), an increase of sand and clay (7 % and 28 %) respectively. Conventional soil cultivation made an impact on the soil upper layer. Soil water retention did not show the major fluctuation of two layers regarding pF values. LiDAR results shown the area is not susceptible to erosion, 68 % is in the 1st slope category and 28 % in the 2nd. LiDAR, clear understanding and visualisation of site laboratory data for different. The field is well drained, vegetation period and cultivation could require scheduled, separated irrigation on land based on DEM and runoff lines helping to improve irrigation planning and water use efficiency. Demonstration the benefits of using high accuracy remote sensing LiDAR data, preventing water logging, misuse, and improve irrigation management and shows good examples to use in large scale to ease comprehensive understating of data.

In the Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science of Debrecen University in pot experiment, the effect of two carbonate containing amendments are examined on some properties of an acidic humous sandy soil (pHH2O=5.2) originating from Nagykáta. In the two treatments the amendments were granulated dolomite and calcite, the applied quantities were 3 t ha-1. In the amelioration pot experiment all treatments enriched NPK fertilizers taking into account the nutritional requirements of test plant (Phaseolus vulgaris nanus L); it was a „Yellow-podded - Maxidor" bean. On the bases of the first year results, the water management parameters were influenced positively by dolomite and calcite treatments. The water permeability of sandy soils decreased significantly in dolomite treatment. At the same time, the water holding capacity of the soil increased almost equally due to dolomite and lime doses. The pH of the soil increased, the hydrolytic acidity decreased, both under the influence of dolomite and lime, but the soil remained acidic. Among microbiological soil properties the number of total bacteria, the activity of saccharase, urease and dehydrogenase activity increased significantly, especially in the dolomite treatment. The CO2production didn’t change significantly in the treatments. The intensive soil management, the application of high fertilizer doses affect negatively on soil reaction (pH), thereby some features of the soil would deteriorate; so the soil acidification affects an increasing proportion of agricultural land. With these results we would like to draw attention to the importance of soil amelioration of acidified soils with natural, carbonate-containing materials.

Meat chicken (broiler) industry continuously increasing all over the world. Due to it, the amount of waste from the chicken industry is also increasing. Therefore, more efficient conversion of chicken manure to organic fertilizer is key problem all over the world. Therefore, the aims of present study are to investigate the changes in temperature and moisture content during composting of chicken manure in a tank fermentation system and create a model to describe the biodegradation processes. In this study, Hydrus software was used for modelling the moisture and temperature distribution in the oval tank during the decomposing processes. It was found that the studied oval tank fermenter can be divided into two main parts considering to the changing of temperature and moisture level. In the first phase - after the intake – where the rate of biodegradation is high there is a heterogeneous temperature zone with decreasing moisture content. Moreover, in this stage a special temperature profile was found at the crosssectional view of the tank. The second phase was more homogenous both in temperature and moisture content. This stage is the weak fermentation part of the technology results an elongated post fermentation section. It was established, that the changes of temperature and moisture content along the tank fermenter are the same and there is a strong connection between them in the examined period. Our results pointed out that the initial turning and mixing results in a large temperature and moisture content drop and later there is sufficient time for composting to take place. The authors recommend that this system could be used as an efficient treatment for chicken manure materials to decompose and get a valuable base organic fertilizer.

The environmental impacts of climate change have been identified as a central issue in of the agriculture because the emergence of drought risk is a growing barrier to crop production and resulting in a decline in the quality and yield of cereals in recent years. In recent years there was a great development made in cereal processing in Hungary. In general, food processing plants requires steady crop supply, therefore it is essential to monitor the possible yield or yield loss of the potential supply area of the new cereal processing plant in Gyöngyösvisonta. The aerial and satellite images can be used to monitor the response time of areas to biotic and abiotic stress effects, in this study the application of water stress and drought monitoring. We analyzed on the basis of the remote-sensed time series data. In the context of recordings, a number of stress indexes can be calculated to determine the productivity of biomass during a drought period. The study site covers four counties around Gyöngyösvisonta. The source of remote sensed time series data was the 16-day images of MODIS NDVI. The 250 m ground resolution images were downloaded and processed in ArcGIS software using various GIS methods from 2003 to 2018 that area. The sample area was selected that used for the production of wheat from the CORINE database, NDVI, and crop phenology. We applied time series NDVI images using different masking techniques and created the models for wheat yield prediction. During modeling calibration of NDVI data sets was performed by correlation and regression calculations with yield and NDVI data sets. Based on the results moderate correlations (r~0.8), areas with different drought risk levels can be delineated to estimate yield loss with MODIS data in May and June which is the most suitable period for yield loss monitoring before harvest. Calculating these data will allow farmers to determine the appropriate intervention time to avoid territorial degradation.

The volume of incidental wood products due to the catastrophic windfalls that occurred on the 17th of September 2017 was estimated, at national level at 460 thousand m3, of which over 200 thousand m3 were registered in the area administered by the Bihor County Forest Administration. The main objective of this paper is the study of the changes that appear in the micro-relief and of the influence of some environmental characteristics, in the beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) from the Forest District Sudrigiu, Management Unit U.P. VII Varatec, Bihor County Forest Administration, Romania, as an effect of windfalls. The field observations had the purpose of: determining the displaced volume (DV); breast height diameter (D1.3); height of tree (HT); average root diameter (ARD); age (A); depth of microdepression (DM) and depth of rock / parent material (DRP). Bifactorial linear regression of the DV according to the two characteristics of the tree (D1.3) and the soil (DRP) allows an assessment of the volume of displaced soil with an accuracy of 95%. The volume of soil dislocated in the beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) from the Forest District Sudrigiu, Management Unit U.P. VII Varatec, Bihor County Forest Administration, Romania, evaluated with the help of the two-factor linear regression based on the basic diameter of tree D1.3 and the depth of the rock / parent material DRP and respectively the number of felled trees is between 2589.89 m3 for u.a. 100 A, partially affected and 13694.46 m3 for u.a. 104 A, affected by mass felling. To acknowledge the total volume of dislocated land and of the specific volume (m3 / ha), for the different compartments, is important for the analysis and differentiation of the variants of works necessary for the forest reconstruction of the lands affected by windfalls.

Precision farming technologies increasingly appear in the livestock sector. The most precision animal husbandry innovations are in the precision breeding and nutrition, but nowadays, different robots (e.g. robotic milking systems, robotic barn cleaners, etc.) can help for effective animal production, mainly in barn. The number of such innovative solutions in field is less. In order to collect spatial information about the ethology of animals, grazing dairy cattle are survey by LiDAR sensor. The focus area is a pasture near Nyírbátor (BÁTORTRADE Trade and Services Ltd., North Trans Tisza Region, Hungary). Application of LiDAR terrain characteristic, topography, vegetation status (e.g. the qualitative and quantitative characteristic of vegetation) and grazing cattle in the pasture can be detected. The main goal of our study was to detect grazing cattle on field by ALS system. LiDAR data was useful for animal detection, and based on the spatial data lying and standing animals were identified distinguishing from each other. In order to examine the statically position of cattle, digital elevation model was created based on the high precision spatial data. Based on the distribution and behaviour of the animals, different problems (e.g. environmental stress) in animal husbandry could be concluded. Multispectral image pattern and monitoring the spatial distribution of cattle’s movement, wet locations can be identified on the pasture. Using LiDAR data seems a promising opportunity to optimize land use and livestock size.